Прагматичні функції іншомовних вкраплень в українській прозі кінця ХХ – початку ХХІ століть

У статті детерміновано основні прагматичні функції іншомовних вкраплень у художній прозі кінця ХХ – початку ХХІ ст., з’ясовано роль іншомовізмів в індивідуальному творчому білінгвізмі, запропоновано класифікацію функцій іншомовних вкраплень в аспекті прагматики. (The aim of the paper is to determine the basic functions of pragmatics for foreign elements in the text of fiction. Our objective is to show the role the other language elements in the individual bilingualism, classify the functions of foreign elements in the aspect of pragmatics.

THE IMPACT OF THE DIAL ACCESS AND SASKATCHEWAN CONSUMER DRUG INFORMATION SERVICES ON PATIENTS' CLINICAL OUTCOME

Although drug information centres are thought to play a prominent role in meeting the drug information needs of both consumers and health care professionals, there is little information in the literature evaluating the effect of these services on patient outcomes. We conducted a study to determine if the Dial Access Drug Information Service and the Saskatchewan Consumer Drug Information Service impacted positively on a patient's clinical outcome. Drug information requests were eligible for the study if the following criteria were met: the request was patient specific, the service made a recommendation involving the patient's therapy, and the requester of the information was willing to participate in the study. For each request, a desired therapeutic outcome was documented. Each inquirer was asked to rate the impact of the service with respect to patient outcome as well as their opinion of objectivity and timeliness of the response. A panel of specialists determined whether the responses and recommendations given by the service were appropriate; what impact the service had on the patient; and assessed the "seriousness" of the inquiry. A total of 98 and 68 patient specific requests were received in the health care section and consumer section, respectively. The expert panel concluded that 94.9% of the health care requests and 98.5% of the consumer requests were answered appropriately and the majority of the requests involved potentially serious drug-related problems. The panel also determined that 46.8% of the recommendations in the health care section and 41.0% of the recommendations in the consumer section resulted in positive patient outcomes. For a significant number of queries, tangible outcomes could not be measured but the patient benefited from the information supplied by the drug information pharmacist in 24.7% of the health care professional queries and 42.6% of the consumer queries. Based on these results and the inquirers' opinion, the Dial Access Drug Information Service and the Consumer Drug Information Service provides drug information in an accurate, unbiased, timely manner and the services benefit the patient. However, it is difficult to determine if the service impacts positively on patient outcome because it is not the primary care giver; it is a support service which assists health care professionals in achieving specific patient outcomes. Further studies are necessary to develop criteria for acceptable standards of practice for drug information centres in order to ensure these services are impacting positively on patient care